clojure macro宏在运行之前机械展开,定义宏相当于给语言增加新特性,写宏的*原则*:

  • 能写成函数就不要用宏(因为写宏没有写函数简单直观,容易写错,需要先在 REPL 中测试一番)
  • 只有不得不用时才用宏(性能要求高时比函数调用快,或者需要“代码<->数据”相互转换)
  • 精心设计的宏调用比函数调用更 DSL(如实现控制结构、传递 Java方法)


宏与函数

;; 宏正确写法
(defmacro op [x f1 y f2 z]
  (list f2 z (list f1 x y)))      

(println (op 5 + 2 * 10))                   ;; 70
(println (macroexpand '(op 5 + 2 * 10)))                     ;; (* 10 (+ 5 2))
(println (macroexpand-1 '(op 5 + 2 * 10)))                   ;; (* 10 (+ 5 2))
(println (clojure.walk/macroexpand-all '(op 5 + 2 * 10)))    ;; (* 10 (+ 5 2))

;; 宏错误写法
(defmacro op2 [x f1 y f2 z]
  ( f2 z (f1 x y)))

(println (op2 5 + 2 * 10))                  ;; 2
(println (macroexpand '(op2 5 + 2 * 10)))                    ;; 2
(println (macroexpand-1 '(op2 5 + 2 * 10)))                  ;; 2
(println (clojure.walk/macroexpand-all '(op2 5 + 2 * 10)))   ;; 2

;; 不使用宏
(defn op3 [x f1 y f2 z]
  ( f2 z (f1 x y)))

(println (op3 5 + 2 * 10))                  ;; 70
(println (macroexpand '(op3 5 + 2 * 10)))                    ;; (op3 5 + 2 * 10)
(println (macroexpand-1 '(op3 5 + 2 * 10)))                  ;; (op3 5 + 2 * 10)
(println (clojure.walk/macroexpand-all '(op3 5 + 2 * 10)))   ;; (op3 5 + 2 * 10)

说明:

正确的宏写法,需要添加 list,宏用defmacro定义,不用宏写法的函数用defn定义

调试宏,用macroexpand展开


宏符号


`

原原本本地直译过去,不用`,let语句不被翻译,例如:

(let [datastr '{:a 1 :b 2}])


~'

后面的变量被直接翻译过去,例如:

(let [


~'conn


"meta"] (with-mongo


~'conn


))


'~

变量名本身而非值,例如:

(defn f1 [x] (println


'~x


":"


~x


))  (let [a 10] (f1 a)) ;; a:10


~@

表示多条语句


示例1:

(defmacro debug [x] `(println "---" '~x ":" ~x))
(let [a 10] (debug a))             ;; --- a : 10

说明:

'~x  显示变量名,即a

~x 解析为变量值,即a的值 10


示例2:

(defn make-connection [x] (println "in make-connection = " x) x)    ;; meta
(defn with-mongo [x] (println "in with-mongo = " x))   ;; meta

(defmacro with-dict
  "连接到 meta库的 dict表进行操作"
  [& body]
  `(let [~'dbname "meta"
         ~'tbname :dict
         ~'conn (make-connection ~'dbname)
         ]
     (with-mongo ~'conn)
     (println "~'conn = " ~'conn)   ;; meta
     (println "~'tbname = " ~'tbname)   ;; :dict
     (println "~@body = " ~@body)       ;; meta :dict db-test2' tbl-test2'
     ~@body))


(let [dbname 'db-test' 
      tbname 'tbl-test'
      dbname2 'db-test2' 
      tbname2 'tbl-test2'
      conn 'conn-sql'
      make-connection 'make-conn'
      body 'body1']
  (with-dict dbname tbname dbname2 tbname2))

运行结果:


in make-connection =  meta

in with-mongo =  meta

~'conn =  meta

~'tbname =  :dict

~@body =  meta :dict db-test2' tbl-test2'


说明:

make-connection 和 with-mongo 是定义的函数,后面传递的是参数,使用

~'

修饰直接翻译过去,即字符串传字符串,:dict 键值也传键值

with-dict 传递多个参数给body,其中 dbname tbname 在 with-dict 中被重新赋值,因此打印出的结果也为赋值后的最新结果